Democracy

The Iranian elections are certainly interesting indeed. The ruling party is doing their utmost to block satellite TV downloads which might not be positive to their rulers. In fact they are using microwaves to disrupt the satellite TV and Internet prior to the election. This is typical of a corrupt regime. The opposing groups are quite concerned over this abuse of power and violation of their freedoms of press and speech. There have been several bombings of government buildings trying to stop the health costs of these microwave beams into the populated areas of Tehran. Is Iran over stepping its bounds and trying to gain more control over its masses? Will the peoples of Iran ever be free from harm...

Weeks before the congressional midterm elections, much was said and written on the possibilities and consequences of the 2006 elections outcome. There was considerable outrage inside US among both democrats and republicans; campaign tracts, meetings and TV shows got everybody in the US exited about what is going to happen on the 7th of November. However, compared with previous US elections it was no new thing. The polity was going its usual way, the only difference with the past Congressional elections after the cold war, was the emergence of foreign policy as the most important concern in US elections. The issue of foreign policy, though worthy in terms of acting as a turning point for...

American citizens are hopping mad with government, in their cities, states and with the federal government in Washington. While 68% of those polled think the political class doesn't care about what the public thinks, about the same number of politicians' claim the country is on the right track. And, elected officials are held in such low esteem that the possibility of a voter revolt in November is quite likely. Disdain for politicians are even greater among older Americans. Only 13% of those 65+ answered affirmatively when asked if the political class cares. And 70% of the New Seniors believe politicians in Washington are a threat to the U.S.. There are more major races this year than in recent...

Can Democracy become a self-organizing dynamic? Historically the old land-owner-serf attitude can be considered to have been revived by new property laws supporting bio-piracy by such companies as Monsanto. Such companies genetically alter the crops that traditional cultures have cultivated for millennia and then claim the new biogene as their own property. Adam Smith's oppressive theories of economic self-organization seem to be being resurrected, consciously or not, to bolster financial dictatorial vandalism. Democracy within the marketplace can only be effective if its internal self equilibrium, is maintained through recursive fractal logic "feedback loops". Although Democracy, as a self...

Well what do we have here? We have a planet full of 6.5 Billion human beings infestating the surface of the Planet don't we? And where these humans have set up shop in human groupings, as humans will do, we see they have tried to set up governing bodies. These governing bodies indeed are of so many different forms and varieties and combinations that in the end it is hard to tell which one works the best in which set of conditions, with which set of cultures in which regions of our globe. Which is the best form of government? Is it a Dictatorship, an Empire, Socialism, Communism, Democracy, Republic, Benevolent Wisemen Circle or anarchy; that is to say no government of all. In each case we have seen...

The Dominican Republic is the second largest country in the Carribbean region of the world. The Dominican Republic lies to the east of the Caribbean Islands and is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean in the north and the Caribbean Sea in the south. The Dominican Republic enjoys a representative democracy similar to that in the U.S. The history of the republic dates back to over 5,000 years. Christopher Columbus explored it in 1492. He named the new colony, La Española. Taino Indians were the inhabitants of the island at that time. The capital city of Santo Domingo was founded in 1496. History saw the Spanish ruling the country in the era preceding 1795. The French took over that year. The French...

Will Rogers was an amazing person and one of the wisest men of any generation. His accomplishments include being a champion lasso thrower, a performer on the Broadway stage, the star of 71 movies, a radio broadcaster, an author of six books, and a syndicated newspaper columnist. Will Rogers traveled around the world three times and befriended presidents, senators, prime ministers, and kings. Will Rogers was famous for his simple, insightful humor and his ability to connect honestly with everyone he met. His comments about politics in general and the politics of his generation are among his most memorable. The following are some of the best Will Rogers political quotes. There's no trick to being...

Plato criticizes the democratic city because, he says, under this type of leadership, everyone is free to do as he likes with no real respect for authority. Consequently, this unbalances the stability of the Ideal State and makes it worse. Plato goes on to say that the leaders in a democratic city are not required to have any training at all. Their only qualifications lie in their ability to make friends with the people. This point seems to lend to one of Plato's main themes in Book VIII of "The Republic", namely, that none of the rulers in any of the regimes that he discusses are enlightened rulers. It is hard to say that Plato does not have a point here. Although the democratic city that he...

There is a saying in politics that "power corrupts power; absolute power corrupts absolutely." Slowly what seems that democracy politics in India has become hereditary? You will find very few leaders even the young ones from different walks of life. They are all somehow related to either previous politicians and are either sons or daughters of present powerful political party leaders and alike. The best example of that hereditary politics in India is the Gandhi Scion. First it was Indira Gandhi, then Rajive Gandhi and now the brightest prospect of political career that one has is off course Rahul Gandhi. The Gandhi family is not the only one to point finger at, there are many state level politics...

CBS's #1 rated reality television series "Survivor" may give Americans insight into the real world cause and effects of U.S. foreign policy. For those unfamiliar with the pop-culture reality hit series; the premise is simple, drop two equally matched teams of individuals into a remote location having them compete through mental and physical challenges. The winning team advances, in-whole, to the next round while the losing team must vote one member out of the game. This scenario continues until one team is eliminated and then the effort turns, from a team effort, into an individual competition. It's here that things get interesting as the lies, back-stabbing, alliances, and good deeds never go...

What is a political debate? It is a way for different opponents to argue their point of view with the intention of converting the listener or reader to their opinion. There are various types of debates depending on the occasion. You will have televised events when it involves a major electoral decision such as the presidential election. You can have local debates when it involves a seat in Congress. The winner of the debate will be dictated by a voting poll or in some cases a judge. Debates are very common in all democracies, not just the USA, as a part of the process used to elect the government. You will also have the informal discussions between people who hold differing political opinions. The...

Political success depends on reaching out to the masses. What better way is there to be in the public eye than to feature on buttons - one of the most commonplace, everyday objects? So a century back our political leaders had the brilliant idea of using buttons for their election campaigns. George Washington gets the credit for wearing the first political button in 1789 which read 'G.W. Long Live the President' replicating the expression 'Long live the king'. All his supporters also wore the same clothing button made of brass on his first inauguration. Another landmark in the history of political buttons came when for the first time in 1860 the tintype and ferrotype photo process was used to put...

If the of reason in the region of thought is the aim of science, the rule of equality in the region of behavior is the aim of democracy. Democracy is not a political arrangement or a form of government. It is a pattern of life, an active conviction which informs and inspires every thought word and deed. Our present constitution of society induces in its more fortunate members far too great readiness to accept privilege as thought it were inherent in the social order, as though it were normal and even proper and just. If we are sincere in our professions of democracy we should not shut our eyes to the most obvious defects of the present social order. A system which does not offer security and decent...

(An Essay) I suppose this is an ongoing question,"Why do people denounce Democracy?" In America this is often looked upon as a mortal sin, almost, and as President Bush would proclaim: the world at large should be under such an umbrella. Anybody's guess is good here though, but let me try to explain my opinion, and of course it is just that, an opinion, and perhaps too opinionated. Some folks in the world feel others are unequal to them, thus, weak to the point of saying, as Darwin would have said it: we are the strong, and because of that, supreme, hence, we should be of the aristocracy. From the times of Plato, to the rulers of the world today, this has been going on. Put in more blunt terms...

Political humour is highly popular material because it is something everyone can easily relate to. Politicians are popular public figures so anyone can identify with them to get a good laugh. The public generally blames government for everything, whether the reasons it has to do so are sensible or not. Politics is a good source of humour - even when the economic downturn is practically crashing down on everyone around the world, people still get a kick out of political humour. What's good about this type of humour is the fact that it is able to address whatever political issue is at hand. Everyone identifies with an issue, that's why political jokes are highly popular. They inject amusement into...

How Those in Power Want Anything but Bipartisanship In Barack Obama's recent State of the Union address, the president urged bipartisanship to heal a deeply divided and struggling nation. "What the American people hope" he pleaded, "what they deserve - is for all of us, Democrats and Republicans, to work through our differences; to overcome the numbing weight of our politics." As a candidate, Barack Obama urged bipartisanship as a means of navigating the problems facing the nation. He explained that "we are not Red America or Blue America, but the United States of America". Regardless of the speaker, the words remain true. However, over the last decade, those in control of wealth have found that...

Who would ever think that something as simple as a lapel pin could help one achieve major popularity? In the scope of politics, it seems to be the case. Dating as far back as Dwight D. Eisenhower, lapel pins have always had a prominent place in American government. With all the chaos involved in running a prosperous campaign, precise pin order placement is the difference between running a profitable and profitless campaign. The proceeding tips summarize several steps for a creating a winning political campaign pin. Set a budget. Since political campaigns call for other marketing mediums, such as signs, pamphlets and other materials, plan an initial budget of $5500 - $6000 for lapel pins. Although...

In response to the political turmoil associated with the Period of the Warring States in China (403-221 B.C.E.), differing schools of thought emerged. Among these were Confucianism, Taoism, and with the advent of the Silk Road, Buddhism. It is possible to comprehend and contrast the two indigenous philosophies, and recognize the reasons why Confucianism was eventually sanctioned by the government, rather than Taoism, even though both can be practiced non-exclusively. Understanding this, one can understand why Mahayana Buddhism in the form of Chan began to rival Confucianism around the 6th century C.E. Confucianism was developed and named after Kong Fuzi (551-479 B.C.E.), known as The Philosopher...

Terrorism is the use of force against innocent people to inflict fear upon them and to influence public policy. This is one of the definitions of terrorism used by If we apply this definition to the rioters who acted violently and with brute force the past couple of weeks, then we can conclude that the Paris rioters are terrorists and not rioters. Call these perpetrators of violence what you want. The media can call them rioters but I prefer to call the criminals (who were predominantly Muslim) who burned Paris businesses and damaged property. This may sound harsh to you but the people who inflicted hate and violence on the people of Paris are definitely criminals and terrorists. These criminals...

So late last month, Republican Senator Lindsay Graham of South Carolina and Democratic Senator Charles Schumer of New York introduced a comprehensive Immigration Reform bill into the US Senate. Their hope is that this bill will be debated and signed into law before the end of 2010 now that healthcare reform has been signed into law. However US Immigration Reform will probably not be the dominant topic in Washington for a while due to the sweeping Financial Reform championed by the Obama Administration and many in Congress at the moment. This is despite the fact that US Immigration is a front of mind topic recently with the opening of H1B visa season in 2010 and more recently and prominently the...

Is it a coincidence that there will be a US Presidential election just prior to the 2012 Mayan doomsday predictions? What relevance does that have on the future of the world? Consider some facts: 1. There is coming an Antichrist to rule the world. (II Thessalonians 2:8) 2. The Antichrist will not be revealed until immediately after the Rapture of the Church occurs (Christians will be Caught up to meet the Lord in the air. I Thessalonians 4:17) The January 2013 installation of a new US president would make him the "savior of the world" since he would immediately institute "emergency measures" to curtail the crisis caused by the current calamities. 3. The Antichrist rises to world-wide preeminence...

"No taxation without representation!" the American forefathers in 1776 declared to the British royals in response to the Stamp Act after tea had already been dumped into the sea during the Boston Tea Party. With that declaration backed by elaboration of the American Constitution, the American founders set off an unprecedented revolution toward freedom and equality that was echoed a dozen years later by the French in their revolution to send monarchic structures tumbling from Russia to the Austrian Hapsburgs over the next century. Two hundred-odd years after that first American revolt against unfairness, a new revolution in global racial openness is being set off by a nation of Americans declaring...

There is a spiritual hunger in the world today - and it cannot be satisfied by better cars on longer credit terms. - Adlai E. Stevenson (1952 / Democratic Presidential Candidate) I despise people who go to the gutter on either the right or the left and hurl rocks at those in the center. - Dwight D. Eisenhower (1952 / Republican Presidential Candidate) Can you imagine Barack Obama uttering the first quote? What about John McCain as the deliverer of the second? Neither is a stretch, is it? A recent business event at which gifted political pundits Tucker Carlson and James Carville squared off for some lively chat about the upcoming election brought this thought to light. It was Carville, a Hillary...

Primaries are the initial steps of selecting the presidential candidate of each party in the United States. Each party announces their candidate at their national convention which is usually the summer before the presidential elections. At the national convention the ultimate candidate of the party for the election is chosen by the delegates present at the convention. The rules for the appointments of delegates to the convention vary from party to party and also from state to state. Most of the delegates are chosen using primaries and caucuses however both the Democratic Party and the Republican Party have provisions for so called Super-delegates which are chosen outside the primary and caucus...

A small simple law that will ban the herbal incenses is actually a much deeper statement than it would appear. Many of the concerns of the Legislators are soap box rhetoric in which they preach so they can MISUSE the power granted them. Never has any politician voted in any office been given the power to dictate what they consider right or wrong. Government officials were voted in to represent the majority of the people. Once that philosophy is shucked to the side and the Officials start deciding what is right and wrong for the people, we lose that one thing that makes the USA so very different from all the rest, we no longer are a Democracy!! Once we lose representation we become a socialist regime...

There are three options facing the United States in today's health care reform debate, what follows is a compare and contrast between those three options. (1) No Real Change The first option is to not make a significant change to the system. This is the choice of the insurance industry which is making billions of dollars of profits even during this economic recession. This is the choice being pushed by the Republicans and "Blue Dog" Democrats in the House & Senate since they are effectively bought off by the insurance industry. This is also the choice we can quickly dismiss because we cannot continue on the same road we are on now. The system we have now is seriously broken. It costs more than...

The term political left is sometimes used to describe a liberal or a Democrat. Traditionally a liberal was someone who believed in the rights of the individual. They wanted to reduce the impact of the Church or religious organizations without defying the conventions of the Constitution. They were usually associated with being the patriots of freedom and would appear, on paper at least, to be more tolerant and more generous. The political right on the other hand would be used to describe someone who was more conservative in their outlook on life. If a hostile situation arose in the Middle East for example, while the political left would be willing to work with the United Nations and try to reach a...

The Internet is one of the greatest tools against censorship. Bloggers can get information out within seconds using either Twitter, Facebook, personal blogs or reporting in little videos that are afterward shared on YouTube. Social media has changed politics in many ways. Bad words in any small land community can become national television news when someone decides to share an interview through YouTube. Prime Minister Gordon Brown discovered that during the recent elections when he forgot to remove a microphone that afterward showed inappropriate words about an inquisitive lady that asked questions he didn't like. It's both good and bad. Bad for journalists who want to keep copyright to materials...

Global relations theory has long grappled using the conflict between the unilateral sovereignty requirements of states, and also the requirement for cooperation for transboundary transactions. Because the flow of water does not respect political boundaries, it has been clear that regional management, at the watershed egree at least, will be a significantly more effective approach, at least from a management perspective. Nevertheless, drinking water has frequently been "securitized," primarily because of internal politics, but has frequently had international repercussions. The question has historically been posed repeatedly, regardless of whether issues of regional drinking water means, regarded a...

The English colonists in America undertook the education of the whole people. They believed that they must prepare themselves for a most unique and important role in the unfolding of modern world history. Universal education was considered an indispensable ingredient for this preparation. The movement for universal education began in New England, in the 1647 the legislature of Massachusetts passed a law requiring every community of 50 families or households to set up a free public grammar school to teach the fundamentals of reading, writing, ciphering, history, geography and Bible study. In addition to this, every township with 100 families or more was also required to set up a secondary school in...

I went out on a long limb to suggest that Rudy Giuliani may be the best running mate for Republican presidential candidate John McCain, I am at a loss to guess who would run with whom on the Democratic ticket. The highly competitive race between Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton and Senator Barack Obama has had more than its share of drama — and more than its share of barbs that will only help a Republican deflate the credibility of the eventual nominee. That's one reason why I do not believe a Clinton-Obama or Obama-Clinton ticket can win. I can just see the Republicans using their own comments against each other. Combine that with McCain's strengths on defense and national security, and it's...

's political situation became chaotic almost gruel. Prime Minister Naoto Kan internal and external, attacked front and rear, that they can not calm down and consider the appreciation of the yen, stocks fell, economic recovery may be imminent mortality and other issues, fiscal reconstruction and long-term economic development strategy is on paper. Japanese government and the Bank of Japan for yen, on August 30 introduced the basic principle of specific measures. However, public opinion holds that shot too slow Japan's economic measures, the intensity is not enough, not many new ideas, so lukewarm market response, to no avail. Here are the reasons for misjudgment on the economic situation, but the...

Not long ago, an individual contacted me and we discussed politics. Like most folks we both had different ideas on human politics, and an abundance of talking points covering our different views. Interestingly enough, we both agreed that we need more integrity in the political arena, that is to say; more honest in politics. Still, that sounded counter-intuitive, so I say said to my acquaintance in a cynical snicker; Honesty in politics, surely you jest, in which lifetime were you expecting this to occur? You see, as he mentioned honesty in politics, wow, so how would we go about that? Has there ever been in the history of mankind honest in politics? Don't get me wrong, I love concept, just seems...

Complaints are often voiced in various forms of how large and monstrous the federal government has grown. The federal government has indeed out grown the scope that the Constitution originally intended it to be. However, as oppressive and invasive as it has become there is a smaller more aggressive form of government that has sprouted up. It has become much more bold and unruly in many ways than its big brother. This smaller entity is no less your local and state governments. In a span of 47 years local governments nationwide have increased spending by four times. It has also increased its employment pool by 4.2 million since 1980. With the increase in jobs so increases greater tax burdens in order...

Until the moment when 16 terrorist attacked in Casablanca and caused the killing of 44 people, the Moroccan regime had been taking a low profile in the treatment of cannabis crop growing and trafficking. In the 90s, the former king Hassan II formed an agency for the development of northern Morocco under the auspices of the Ministry of Interior. The cultivation and smuggling of hashish had a formal treatment "The production is legal and controlled... traffic is penalized, but you can fight as long as demand... " the benefits are extended to the European mafia. The attacks in Casablanca and the fear of an alliance between Islam and the violent drug gangs changed Mohamed VI ideas. The area for drug...

The Philippines is the only country in the world that is combating terrorism on three diverse fronts - communism, secessionism, and Islam - all at the same time. Terrorists belonging to these threat fronts have different aspirations and possess varied ideological persuasions, but espousing similar violent methods to achieve their ultimate cause. The communist groups want to change the social and political structure of the Philippines from capitalism to communism through protracted armed revolution. On the other hand, the secessionist groups want to secede from the Manila government and establish an independent state in Mindanao. The third front -the Islamic groups - is a mixture of local and trans...

According to the US law, terrorism and treason both are great offenses against US and amount to severe punishment. Treason and terrorism both have very close meanings. Treason is crime against US in which a person or group of persons is found guilty of waging a war against US or aligning with of enemies of US and offering them aid and comfort. A person committing treason is called a 'traitor' whereas terrorism is an offense committed to harm ordinary citizens along with the civilians with a political or religious intention and the accused is called a terrorist in law. A person found guilty of treason is subjected to a penalty in form of imprisonment for near about 5 years or above and fine amounting...

In the world of politics, people who describe themselves as moderate share in common a handful of fundamental beliefs. These people are united not around a party or organization but around a certain worldview. In this article I am going to tell you the most important things you need to know about what defines a moderate. Oxford dictionary describes a moderate as an "individual who is not extreme, partisan or radical". People often use centrist as a synonym with the term but it should not be used interchangeably. Moderates can be centrists, but they can also be classified either as center-left or center-right on the classic political spectrum. There is a significant degree of flexibility when it...

I don't know about you, but I am very tired of sacrificing the consumer and the country for the almighty vote (me & you). We are slowly becoming from the land of opportunity to the land of entitlement (our ancestors should be turning over in their grave). The problem is we are being forced into socialism by the few corrupt (including our political system-we need a 3rd party) not the majority (again-reactionary from congress). Congress fix: more regulations to regulate the regulators? Our political systems are trying to put the blame on Wall Street! Nonsense. Not fixing the problem from the core, we are operating on regulations from the 1930's. As an example: What happened to the SEC/ NASD (now...

We have currently embarked on some exciting political times. You can't escape it - it's everywhere you look. With so much discussion on the future political developments, goals for the new president and the team that will support him, can we really talk about anything else? If you have become interested in politics but don't really know how to bank on that interest, consider a degree in political psychology. Is there really such a degree, you may ask. Yes, actually there is! Political psychology degree programs prepare you for the application of contemporary psychological theories, concepts, and methods to the study of political behavior. This field is based on the study of both psychology and...

Whether you are a Canadian or not you might be interested in Canadian politics and want to know where to find a good resource for Canadian political polls. Please note that I am referring to scientific polls only -- ones done by polling agencies, credible organizations and media outlets. In this article I will tell you how to find such websites. First off, you want to determine whether you want to look at provincial Canadian political polls or federal ones. Since this article seeks to serve the international community, I will focus here strictly on federal political polls. If you want to look at the provinces individually, most of the sites I will list either have information and polls on the...

This Saturday Australians go to the polls to elect a new Federal Government. However, whereas the pre-election debate in 2007 included policies to increase housing supply and affordability, there has been scant focus on housing in 2010 by either Gillard or Abbott, something quite remarkable considering community concern about the cost of living. While the Kevin 07 election message was about sympathy for family mortgage or rental payments, and policies aimed at increasing supply, house prices and rents have simply increased throughout the current Government's term. The doubling of the first home-buyers' grant to $14,000 helped 250,000 households and individuals into the housing market. However, it...

Not since the 1780's when Patrick Henry was running around doubting the sincerity of this nation's constitution has there been such a rapid resurgence of anti-federalism. With the recent passage of the so called "Healthcare Bill" into law, the public at large seems to be once again, questioning the over-reach of our Federal government. Far beyond the specifics of the now healthcare law, a considerable majority of the public have found the legislation too cumbersome and the legislative process too rife with rampant deal-making. I believe most Americans accepted the fact that some effective changes could better serve the health care industry and public at large. However those changes should be COST...

You may know of the political conversion of Davey Crockett by the dedicated Christian Horatio Bunce (if you do not you can read the first two installments in this series by clicking on the links below this story). The Congressman Davey Crockett learned the value of government based on law, the Constitution, over governing by the dictates of sentimentalism from the enlightened backwoods farmer, Horatio Bunce. In his book, The Life of Colonel David Crockett, Edward S. Ellis relates "the rest of the story". Davey Crockett was reelected to Congress. It was not long before he was faced with a vote similar to the "Georgetown vote". A bill had been introduced to give $10,000 to the widow of a naval officer...

If you are a migrant and you seek to naturalize you will be required to pass a test demonstrating you familiarity with Australia's history, her main institutions, and the values held by her people, and included in this is something known as 'mateship'. The Australian multicultural heritage is an element of the society which is well appreciated; however, the government does consider it important that the new citizens integrate with their neighbours. To be a good citizen a person needs to appreciate nationhood and to value what Australians hold dear. To pass the test an appreciation of the questions in English and the ability to answer them in English will be fundamental to the test. A pamphlet will...

India has proclaimed itself as a welfare state and of course it has also introduced social security schemes like 'payment of pension' etc to the retiring government employees which costs the coffers of the states as well as the central government considerably. Some State Governments like Tamil Nadu has also introduced welfare schemes for payment of 'old age pension' and 'widow pension' etc, in the unorganised sector to rescue the aged people from their financial doldrums to some extent. But, these payments are being made selectively only to the people who have no dependants to look after them. But in practice, the party people mostly misappropriate these funds and manage to get them either for their...

Lawyers on both sides are still slogging through the process of lawsuits that seek to invalidate one of the main provisions of the Obama administration's healthcare reform. The Virginia lawsuit is moving more quickly than the more famous litigation with 20 state attorney generals on board, possibly because there are fewer plaintiffs involved. On July 1st, the case will reach the U.S. Federal District Court. There, the judge will decide whether or not to dismiss the lawsuit. The Department of Justice has already filed a motion to have the suit invalidated, claiming that the Commerce Clause of the Constitution gives the federal government the right to regulate or mandate the purchase of health...

This week, opening arguments begin in a Florida courtroom for the highly publicized healthcare reform lawsuit. Over 20 states contend that the Obama administration's legislation is unconstitutional. Specifically, they believe that the individual mandate provision--which requires most people to either buy a health insurance plan or pay a fine--violates the 10th Amendment of the Constitution, which states that all powers not expressly given to the federal government are left to the states. Over the decades, there have been varying interpretations of that amendment. Although the idea of federalism is generally upheld, the national government has been allowed more leeway in its actions. The current...

Conflict is a natural phenomenon, it is as old as mankind, and conflict is a state of discord caused by the actual or perceived opposition of needs, values and interests. A conflict can be internal (within oneself) or external (between two or more individuals). Conflict as a concept can help explain many aspects of social life such as social disagreement, conflicts of interests, and fights between individuals, groups, or organizations. Conflicts in social settings can result to stress or tensions among stakeholders, seen as working towards certain goals. When interpersonal conflicts occur, its effect is often broader than two individuals involved, and can affect collective individual needs and...