Voting Trends - Political Dirty Tricks In The 19th Century

If contemporary voters sometimes lose patiencewithin minutes what was long remembered as
with the dirty tricks politics and "negative"The Battle of State Street" was well under way.
campaigning" said to characterize our age, perhapsBefore it ended, writers of the day claimed, about
a look at the way it used to be can offer a bit ofhalf of the men in Albany had taken part in the
perspective. Hard-fought as they may be, thevicious hand-to-hand combat that turned the
battles these days are confined to verbal thrustsbroad street into a mass of brawlers from Pearl
and parries and our politicians have taken a giantStreet to Broadway. Among the wounded was
step toward civil electioneering when compared toSolomon Van Rensselaer, the victim of Jenkins's
their nineteenth century counterparts.cane-wielding nephew, Francis Bloodgood (yet
In those good old days, the record makes clear,another future mayor).
threats, beatings and even the occasional murderIn the aftermath of the battle, a complex series
were included in the campaign arsenals thatof suits and countersuits resulted in numerous
aspiring public servants unleashed in their effortsawards for damages from the many assaults
to turn out-or turn away-the vote.committed and injuries sustained.
In the 1840s and 1850s, it was to one MichaelIronically, General Van Rensselaer, who had landed
Brennan, the premier "polling place goon" of thethe first blow, made a $400 profit in the courts,
day, that many of the strong-arm responsibilitiesdespite numerous judgments against him, thanks
fell. The 200-pound street fighter, described byto the nasty gash Bloodgood gave him in the
area history chronicler William Rowley as theback of his head. Van Rensselaer recovered, and
"archetype of the Irish bully in Albany," washe went on to further prominence as not only a
charged with the task of maintaining the politicalgeneral but a member of Congress and a
bosses' version of order on election days. Inpostmaster. Another Federalist dignitary was not
return, his frequent arrests for non-politicalas fortunate, however. William Cooper, the father
brawling resulted in only the mildest punishments,of author James Fenimore Cooper, was the
or none at all. Brennan's sanctioned reign of terrorfounder of Cooperstown, and held office as a
ended on November 6, 1855, when he was shotjudge and a congressman. By the time he wound
to death by one of his long-suffering victims.up on the short end of the stick, he was also a
Earlier in the century, too, Albany's growing Irishveteran of some partisan scuffles in which he had
immigrant community had been involved inemerged as a winner. A notable instance of that
election day violence. In the 1830s twocomes from an affidavit among the court records
"gentlemen" were severely beaten by a "pack ofof Otsego County, which details the attempt by
savages" on the steps of "a respectablehis defeated opponent in a congressional election
Broadway business house." The gentlemen wereto exact some physical retribution. ". . .the said
Whigs, part of the conservative power structure,James Cochran confessed to the said William
and the savages were Irish Democrats chargingCooper these words: 'I acknowledge you are too
interference at the polling place.much of a buffer for me,'" the affidavit reads in
But the most notable political violence in Albanypart.
history involved not the lower classes strugglingThat wasn't the case some ten years later,
for a foothold on the economic and social ladder,however, when Cooper was set upon by a
but the gentry themselves-and a lot of them.political opponent outside of Albany's famous
On April 21, 1807, General Solomon VanLewis's Tavern. That December 1809 attack, or
Rensselaer, a prominent Federalist, respondedcomplications from it, proved fatal. More than a
promptly and personally to the inflammatory,century later, one of Cooper's descendants,
published rhetoric of the local Republicans, whoanother James Fenimore, wrote of the judge's
had passed a resolution questioning Vandeath:
Rensselaer's honesty. The general proceeded to"William Cooper, the runaway Quaker boy, died
assault his accuser when he and Republicanwith his political boots on and in the Federalist
recording secretary Elisha Jenkins (later an Albanycause. He was killed by a blow on the head,
mayor) met on State Street. In turn, and beforestruck from behind as he was leaving a political
the day was over, Republican leader John Taylormeeting in Albany where he had made a speech
(who in his long career served as first judge ofin a heated debate. In those days, murder and
the Court of Common Pleas, lieutenant governordeath in the cause of one's political party, were
and acting governor of the state) accosted Vanlooked upon as among the fortunes of political
Rensselaer and the two statesmen squared off inwarfare. No punishment followed such assaults
downtown Albany.and no legal investigations were made. His
They were reinforced by scores of partisans andassailant was known to all.