| The global search for answers will draw on the | | | | affected the ways in which those ideals were |
| attempts of different cultures to seek answers | | | | expressed, combined and conceived as liberal |
| to problems of the human condition. Within each | | | | democratic values (for example, the |
| culture, the process will begin with an exploration | | | | citizen-democracy of Athens gave way to the |
| of its own culturally specific values, ideals, | | | | representative democracy in modern states). |
| concepts and stories as the way that their culture | | | | Constitutional values for a more global world may |
| has dealt with those problems. | | | | be variations on the values of citizenship, |
| These can then be compared to the values, | | | | democracy and welfare. However, they may also |
| ideals, concepts and stories in other cultures so | | | | be recombined in new values within new concepts |
| that we can appreciate similarities and differences. | | | | that speak more effectively to the problems of |
| Different cultures have much to learn from each | | | | globalization. |
| other. For example, Anglo-American ideology has | | | | Sometimes the values will not be recombined but |
| been strong on emphasizing the importance of | | | | reinvented in a different form that may expose |
| individuals but has tended to be weak on | | | | more general classes of value of which liberal |
| understanding institutions. Institutions are often | | | | democratic values were merely the |
| reduced to matrices of interpersonal contracts | | | | contemporary form. It will taken one example |
| rather than seen as organic wholes. This | | | | -citizenship. |
| preference for individuals and lack of | | | | Post-Westphalia authoritarian states saw individuals |
| understanding of institutions leads to hostility | | | | as subjects. The enlightenment saw them as |
| towards them -particularly 'public' ones. European | | | | citizens. What was new was the idea that |
| and Japanese cultures seem to take institutions | | | | institutions such as the state existed to serve |
| seriously and to possess a stronger understanding | | | | individuals rather than the individual in service of |
| of their nature. For me, this helps to review the | | | | the state. The concept of citizenship built upon |
| significance of the Enlightenment. | | | | earlier enlightenment values of family, tribe and |
| The Enlightenment certainly, and rightly, placed the | | | | ethnic group. At each stage of human |
| individual at the centre of legal and political | | | | development, membership in the most socially and |
| philosophy. The fundamental point of the | | | | economically powerful groups has been seen as |
| enlightenment was that institutions should serve | | | | of enormous value. Exclusion from that group has |
| individuals, rather than the other way around. This | | | | been a very great punishment (e.g., being |
| does not mean that institutions should be | | | | disowned by family, being expelled from the tribe |
| abandoned, but that the manner of their | | | | or being outlawed from the village). The |
| justification should be conceived -as means of | | | | Enlightenment vaunted membership in the state, |
| protecting, realizing and furthering individual human | | | | then the most significant and powerful social |
| rights. | | | | group. However, as the sovereign state wanes in |
| Reinventing and recombining values as indicated | | | | social significance, other memberships become |
| above, the values of liberal democracy were | | | | more crucial -including those of work. The new |
| formed in and for strong states. Although these | | | | value may be the right to participate in the |
| values were often based on long-standing ideals | | | | benefits of social life in the most socially significant |
| found in a wide variety of cultures, that context | | | | groupings. |